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TEMPORARY-ARCHITECTURE

"FRANK'S CAFE" - p1(of 2)

"SOUTHWARK LIDO"  

 

INDEX

AN ARTIST'S PUBLIC-SITE INSTALLATION WORKS

IMPROVISED ARCHITECTURE IN AMSTERDAM INDUSTRIAL SQUATS & COLLECTIVES

IMPROVISED OPEN-SITE: ("THE NOMADIC COMMUNITY GARDEN")

IMPROVISED VILLAGES: (WANDSWORTH & KEW BRIDGE 'ECO VILLAGES')

ALLOTMENT IMPROVISATIONS - PUBLIC, LEGAL, SOCIALLY INDORSED

TEMPORARY-ARCHITECTURE: ("FRANK'S CAFE" & "SOUTHWARK LIDO")

VERNACULAR - PRAGMATISM & STYLE: (BERDUN VILLAGE BARNS & HOUSES)

"HOME" - MY LOCATION VIA MASS-PRODUCTS & TASTE - LIV-RM
"HOME" - MY LOCATION VIA MASS-PRODUCTS & TASTE - HOUSE

"HOME" - MY LOCATION VIA PERSONAL CHOICES   

ART - GOTHIC INTO RENAISSANCE INTO EARLY 20thC

ART - 20thC COLLAGE INTO MASS-MEDIA

GRAFFITI INTO STREET-ART

KITSCH

CHANCE & DESIGN

 




TEMPORARY-ARCHITECTURE - p1 

INTRODUCTION 
FRANK'S CAFE - p1 
FRANKS CAFE - p2 - DRAWINGS  ... in process
SOUTHWARK LIDO   ... in process

.
 INTRODUCTION   

There is a mode of architecture that is intermediate between 'instant' self-initiated pragmatic improvisation and the type of design work that is detached from clients and potential users. Temporary-architecture usually fulfills a simpler need and thus often results from a closer cooperation with its client than either the unique monuments of architectural artists or buildings designed for speculation and strangers; it is opportunistic, must be of maximum economy, can be adventurous, often uses an existing structure as a basic resource, adding its new function(s) to it and using its features to suggest enable and support its own construction.

As is proper to all artifacts, the designer of temporary-architecture must realise a structure that uniquely fits, serves and defines a purpose - and which thus achieves maximum economy. However this absolute value is tempered by complex contingencies. For instance it befits a temporary provision symbiotic on an enduring site to practice two modes of economy: the first is to be in itself as economical as is functionally/physically possible; the second is conservation and exploitation of the configuration of its site - unlike a new building on its assigned plot, it must respect its supporting site's independence and continuance, use it as a borrowed resource - but not passively: to solve its economics design-intelligence must replace the routine choices an empty plot allows, must notice opportunities the existing site presents: features to be exploited but not changed.

Temporary structures (if not completely un-legal like those based on squatted sites [Ref: IMPROVISED ARCHITECTURE and IMPROVISED VILLAGES]) are - under UK temporary-building regs - only allowed to survive for a maximum of 28 days, however though this apparently applied to EXYZT's "Southwark Lido", Lettice and Paloma's "Franks Cafe" was considered 'so inherently temporary' / 'could be quickly dismantled and removed' / 'requires no permanent alteration to its host building' that a 28 day restriction did not apply.

.

LETTICE DRAKE, PALOMA GORMLEY
http://www.practicearchitecture.co.uk  


"FRANKS CAFE" (opened 30-6-2009 - closed 27-9-2009) - p1
 MULTI-STORY CAR-PARK (LEVELS 10+9+8), CERISE ROAD, PECKHAM, LONDON
[Written: from 10-2009] 

FRANK'S CAFE - p1 
FRANK'S CAFE - p2 - DRAWINGS  ... in process

This is the first building achieved by this working partnership: two ex-students of Cambridge Architecture Faculty. They employed the cheapest, most immediately available and easiest to use materials/construction methods commensurate with the project's function, fabrication and subsequent removal, and the structural opportunities presented by its bizarre site. Their structural initiatives are perfectly adapted to its site and purpose - a bar/cafe that, because of its extra-ordinary location on the top level of an almost abandoned multistory car-park attracts all seekers of novelty, for whom it provides a furnished and awninged terrace, which extends onto a huge 3960m2 concrete strolling-scape accented with large artworks [1], whose balustrade edges an astonishing 180 degree cyclorama of London's city and sky.

Thus the town's multistory 'eyesore' - whose inadequate lifts, absurd demands on driving skills, and location in a backwater of a suburb famous for thieves and wreckers, ensure that its ten vast floors are always empty above level 2 - has become a huge plinth for the most gratuitously inventive of all the town's public provisions - topping even Alsop's Library building ... in that here the community has much more directly initiated and transformed its own means! [2]

The carpark's two stacks of open tray-like decks, which stagger up 10 levels in half-height steps alternating across its width, linked by a cascade of tunnelled ramps, are crowned by a marvelously apt device. Threaded through a huge rectangular scarlet canopy and tensioned over three rows of plank-posts are nine #m long straps that completely encircle like tightened belts the car-park's topmost deck. 

 

From the car-park's approach road the cafe is first glimpsed as a row of posts supporting stretched straps projecting over the top balustrade. All is then lost to view as we mount the corkscrew of levels. The cafe next appears in quite different guise, as a row of thin red straps tightly stretched across the massive concrete underbelly of the final deck - suggesting something clinging to its upper side. Having reached deck-9 (the first beneath the open sky) we see these straps emerge through a slot beneath deck-10, reach upwards and thread into the cafe's canopy, stretching over the tops of angled posts along that deck's south edge. Up a last ramp we top this stack of floors and confront the whole cafe, its kitchen and bar behind a row of pillars and its tabled terrace soaked in pink light, diffused through the canopy's red . From the canopy's front edge the taut straps emerge again and cross an open space to the angled posts of the north edge, which bend them to the underfloor below. Leaning on the north balustrade, gazing down between these posts, we join with our first glimpse of the cafe from the road below.

 

Typical of many discoveries and inventions, the cafe's final form-solution - though obvious in hindsight (and an obvious potential in many previous drawings) - finally rose into view through layers of subconscious prevarications, disguised as a somewhat ludicrous suggestion, shortly before construction was due to begin. One evening, at a bus stop 'after hours of design discussion', Lettice 'joking' said to Paloma "It could go the whole way round !" - Paloma immediately grasped it as the practical/obvious solution, they then parted and 'didn't talk for a while' - later this final insight 'collapsed' all previous partial solutions and their correlative functions into an obvious simplicity and unity. All Lettice and Paloma's previous drawings show them marooned on top of their deck, blind to its boat-like wholeness, bunching and anchoring the straps to its edge in spite of providing posts angled over the balustrades to resist their pull. Thus a part of a subliminal idea can be performed and still the whole, which justifies that part, eludes seeing !

 

Apart from the myriad steel joining items, mainly bolts and screws, the building's main ingredients are wood and PVA. Used scaffold-planks are layered for strength and bolted together to make the posts that support and tension the PVA canopy and its straps. Secondary structures such as the Kitchen and Bar and the "Bench" of double-level seating that encloses the west end, are formed of frames of new wood clad in horizontal planking. Also cut from planking are all the various types of furniture.

NOTE :

  1. These artworks constituted the exhibition "Bold Tendencies III" organised by the Hannah Barry Gallery [Ref: Hannah Barry Gallery].

  2. The resourceful intelligence that saw the opportunity and value of this neglected and 'forgotten' council provision, and obtained its use for art displays and associated cafe, was Hannah Barry's. 

.

.

THE SITE AND PRIMARY STRUCTURE

FRANK'S CAFE: VIEW FROM CAR-PARK ENTRY - N-SIDE SUPPORT-POSTS & CANOPY-STRAPS
(pic 27-9-09 / to SE)

FRANK'S CAFE: N-SIDE SUPPORT-POSTS & CANOPY-STRAPS FROM BAR-TERRACE
(pic 28-9-09 / to NNW)

FRANK'S CAFE: BAR & TERRACE
(pic 4-7-09 / to SW)

FRANK'S CAFE: WHOLE FROM ABOVE
(pic 2-7-09 / to NW)

                                     

FRANK'S CAFE: VIEW OF CAFE FROM L9 DECK, PLUS RAMP FROM L8
(pic 28-9-09 / to NW)

FRANK'S CAFE: REAR OF CANOPY PULLED DOWN BY TENSIONED STRAPS THAT PASS UNDER L10 DECK - VIEW FROM L9
(pic 28-9-09 / to NE)

FRANK'S CAFE: REAR - STRAP UNDER L10 DECK - VIEW FROM L9
(pic 27-9-09 / to NNE)

FRANK'S CAFE: CAR-PARK L8 - STRAPS UNDER L10 DECK
(pic 27-9-09 / to E)

 

FRANK'S CAFE: VIEW FROM CAFE TERRACE ACROSS LEVEL-10 TO W-END 
(pic 27-9-09 / to SW)

FRANK'S CAFE: VIEW FROM LEVEL-10 DECK ACROSS ART INSTALLATION AREA (BOBBY DOWLER) 
(pic 4-7-09 / to E)

FRANK'S CAFE: VIEW OF L10 DECK & CAFE THROUGH ART-WORK 
(pic 4-7-09 / to EEN)

FRANK'S CAFE: VIEW OF L10+L9-JUNCTION WITH ART-WORKS & CAFE 
(pic 4-7-09 / to NE)

FRANK'S CAFE: VIEW OF L9 WITH RAMP TO L8 & ART-WORK ('DIVING-TOWER') & CAFE 
(paste-up 2-pics 27-9-09 / to NE)

FRANK'S CAFE: REAR - VIEW FROM L9 WITH RAMP FROM L8
(pic 28-9-09 / to NW)

FRANK'S CAFE: VIEW FROM L9 - RAMPS FROM L8 & UP TO CAFE ON L10
(pic 30-6-09 / to N)

FRANK'S CAFE: E-END KITCHEN & STOVE - VIEW ACROSS RAMP FROM L8
(pic 28-9-09 / to WWS)

FRANK'S CAFE: L10 BAR & TERRACE FROM EAST-END ENTRY
(paste-up 2-pics 25-9-09 / to WWS)

FRANK'S CAFE: BAR, CANOPY & WEST 'ARM'
(paste-up 2-pics 25-9-09 / to SE)

FRANK'S CAFE: WEST END CANOPY-FLAP SECURED TO "ARM" & WEST END POST
(paste-up 2-pics 25-9-09 / to SSE)

The excess width of canopy at this west end can be pulled down as sunshade or space-encloser and fixed by means of elastic 'bungee' hooked into the canopy's eyelets and stretched around wooden 'noggin' blocks.

FRANK'S CAFE: WEST END CANOPY-FLAP FIXING ON THE WEST END POST.
(pic 25-9-09 / to SSE)
A bungee securing the canopy's corner is stretched around a 'noggin' block.

FRANK'S CAFE: CENTRE POST-FRAME FROM EAST-END
(pic 25-9-09 / to WWS)
The 9 centre posts, each of 2 planks bolted together, are joined across their tops with planks to form a frame and individually bolted to the deck. In addition its east end post is bolted to the concrete balustrade and kitchen-counter front and its west end post to the long seating 'Arm'.

After the canopy was installed and its straps secured this post-frame was rotated to vertical, raising the canopy's centre and applying a final tensioning to its straps.

FRANK'S CAFE: A CENTRE POST DECK-JUNCTION
(pic 27-9-09 / to SW)

FRANK'S CAFE: TERRACE 
(pic 25-9-09 / to WWN)

 

FRANK'S CAFE: TERRACE - SIX OF THE NINE N-SIDE SUPPORT-POSTS & CANOPY-STRAPS
(pic 28-9-09 / to NW)

The north and south edge posts are made of 3 Scaffold Boards bolted together, the whole post anchored to the carpark deck with steel angle-plates and resting against the carpark balustrade.

FRANK'S CAFE: N-SIDE SUPPORT-POSTS WITH SHELF & BACK-BOARDS, (PLUS BAR-STOOL AND CHAIR)
(pic 28-9-09 / to NE)

The shelf and back-boards laterally brace the posts.

FRANK'S CAFE: N-SIDE SUPPORT-POST (DISMANTLED) TOP WITH CHANNEL FOR CANOPY-STRAP
(pic 6-10-09 / to S)

FRANK'S CAFE: N-SIDE (& S-SIDE) SUPPORT-POST DECK-JUNCTION WITH ANGLED BASE-PLATE
(pic 28-9-09 / to NE)

.

.

SECONDARY-STRUCTURES, FURNITURE & FITTINGS 

There are three main secondary-structures: the Kitchen, the Bar plus the "Bench", the Toilet block. 

Under the canopy - sharing a continuous shelving and storage system that runs their whole length across the rear of the building - is first the Kitchen, a separate unit which spans two  post-bays at the east end, defined by two scaffold-board fasciae that wall it from the terrace, protect a brought-in food-cabinet, and enclose a breeze block and metal stove built against the east balustrade; secondly the long Bar that continues as the "Bench" a rectangle of two-level seating at the west end. The Bar and the so-called "Bench" are basically a single large object whose plan was finalised and drawn in chalk on the deck only after the centre post-frame was raised. Its form is "one long snake" of four plank-faced frames with a continuous top level. The final portion of the "Bench" is the "Arm" which terminates the building's west end: a ##m long seat/low wall whose length (and the shape of its ending), because no essential practicality ruled it, was an aesthetic/sensation problem concerned with the flow of space between the open terrace and covered bar

The location of the seperate toilet block was planned "from the start" to mask an existing CCTV microwave ariel enclosure in the NE corner. 

FRANK'S CAFE: THE CAFE'S PRINCIPAL SECONDARY STRUCTURE IS THE BAR-"BENCH". THIS "ARM" OF THE "BENCH" IS THE CAFE'S WESTERN LIMIT - ITS END-FACE LISTS THE CAFE MAKERS' NAMES
(pic 28-9-09 / to SSE

FRANK'S CAFE: THE "ARM" - THE WEST-END PORTION OF THE BAR-"BENCH"
(pic 2-10-09 / to S)

Serving as the western boundary of the canopied portion of the cafe the "Arm" was the only structure that Lettice identified as an aesthetic problem. 

FRANK'S CAFE: THE "BENCH" SW-CORNER 
(pic 2-10-09 / to SW)

 

FRANK'S CAFE: THE "BENCH" & BAR
(paste-up 2-pics 225-9-09 / to SE)

The "Bench" continues partly across the Bar's west end (providing a place for people who stand at the ends of bars).

FRANK'S CAFE: BAR 
(pic 27-9-09 / to SW)

The Bar's front (north) face.

FRANK'S CAFE: BAR FROM COVERED TERRACE
(pic 25-9-09 / to S)

FRANK'S CAFE: BAR TO COVERED & OPEN TERRACE
(pic 25-9-09 / to N)

FRANK'S CAFE: BAR INTERIOR TO KITCHEN
(pic 25-9-09 / to EEN)

FRANK'S CAFE: BAR TOP BROKEN GLASS 
(pic 2-10-09 / to WWS)

(After the last-night party.)

FRANK'S CAFE: KITCHEN EXTERIOR
(pic 25-9-09 / to SE)

FRANK'S CAFE: FROM KITCHEN INTERIOR TO BAR
(paste-up 2-pics 25-9-09 / to S)

FRANK'S CAFE: KITCHEN INTERIOR - DISPLAY-CABINET
(pic 28-9-09 / to NNW)

(After the last-night party.)

FRANK'S CAFE: KITCHEN INTERIOR - REFLECTING CUTLERY
(pic 28-9-09 / to NW)

(After the last-night party.)

FRANK'S CAFE: KITCHEN INTERIOR - BARBEQUE STOVE 
(pic 25-9-09 / to SE)

FRANK'S CAFE: WC BLOCK
(pic 25-9-09 / to NNW)

The toilet block is divided by two transverse walls into three cubicles. The north one's outside wall is windowed - displaying a portion of the marvellous city view. The block's roof is translucent plastic. The 'doors' are pound-shop curtains with fabric-loop fastenings.

FRANK'S CAFE: WC CUBICLE
(pic 25-9-09 / to WWS)

Two chemical WCs are provided in case one fills before the once weekly collection..

FRANK'S CAFE: BAR-STOOL & CHAIR
(pic 28-9-09 / to NE)

FRANK'S CAFE: BAR-STOOL
(pic 28-9-09 / to NW)

FRANK'S CAFE: BENCH & CHAIR
(pic 6-10-09 / to NW)

FRANK'S CAFE: TABLE & BENCHES ON COVERED TERRACE
(pic 25-9-09 / to NW)

FRANK'S CAFE: TABLE & BENCHES ON COVERED TERRACE
(pic 25-9-09 / to SW)

FRANK'S CAFE: TABLE PASTRY MESSAGE
(pic 25-9-09 / to WWS)

.

.

SITE AT NIGHT

FRANK'S CAFE: VIEW OF CITY FROM TERRACE AT NIGHT
(pic 27-9-09 / to NW)

FRANK'S CAFE: THE CAFE AT NIGHT
(paste-up 2-pics 2-7-09 / to E)

FRANK'S CAFE: TERRACE AT NIGHT
(pic 2-7-09 / to SSW)

FRANK'S CAFE: TERRACE AT NIGHT
(pic 2-7-09 / to S)

FRANK'S CAFE: BAR AT NIGHT FROM OUTSIDE THE "ARM"
(pic 2-7-09 / to E)

FRANK'S CAFE: BAR AT NIGHT
(pic 27-9-09 / to SW)

FRANK'S CAFE: BAR-TERRACE AT NIGHT
(pic 27-9-09 / to WWS)

FRANK'S CAFE: THE "BENCH" (UPPER LEVEL) VIEWED FROM OUTSIDE THE W-END 'ARM'

(pic 27-9-09 / to E)

FRANK'S CAFE: KITCHEN FOOD CABINET AT NIGHT
(pic 2-7-09 / to EES)

FRANK'S CAFE: REAR OF CAFE FROM L9 AT NIGHT
(pic 27-9-09 / to NE)

.

.

SOCIAL USE

In order to show the cafe in its condition of maximum social use, many of these pictures are from the opening day of the Hannah Barry Gallery organised art exhibition.

FRANK'S CAFE: OPENING DAY - ALL FROM ABOVE
(paste-up 2-pics 30-6-09 / to NNE)

FRANK'S CAFE: OPENING DAY - ALL FROM LEVEL-10 DECK
(pic 30-6-09 / to NNE)

FRANK'S CAFE: OPENING DAY - TERRACE AND BAR
(pic 30-6-09 / to SE)

It may be interesting to compare the way the site is used at two social densities. Here, on opening-day, the bar and terrace table-seating are full, so standing groups form and park drinks and possessions on convenient surfaces; others sit and lean on non-seat places [compare next pic].

FRANK'S CAFE: OPENING DAY - TERRACE AND BAR
(pic 4-7-09 / to SE)

The site's usage on an average late afternoon a few days after the opening-day [compare previous pic].

FRANK'S CAFE: OPENING DAY - WEST END OF BAR
(pic 30-6-09 / to N)

FRANK'S CAFE: OPENING DAY - TERRACE AND NORTH BALUSTRADE
(pic 30-6-09 / to EEN)

FRANK'S CAFE: TERRACE SITTING
(pic 2-7-09 / to SW)

FRANK'S CAFE: OPENING DAY - TERRACE SITTING
(pic 30-6-09 / to NNW)

FRANK'S CAFE: OPENING DAY - BAR INTERIOR
(pic 30-6-09 / to W)

FRANK'S CAFE: THE "BENCH" SIT-PLACE AT THE WEST END 
(pic 27-9-09 / to SSW)

FRANK'S CAFE: THE WEST END "ARM" WITH VIEW ACROSS L10 
(pic 27-9-09 / to WWS)

FRANK'S CAFE: VIEW FROM TERRACE ACROSS L10 TO ITS WEST END
(pic 27-9-09 / to WWS)

FRANK'S CAFE: OPENING DAY EVENING - REAR OF BAR VIEW OF L9
(pic 30-6-09 / to S)

FRANK'S CAFE: OPENING DAY EVENING - REAR OF CAFE FROM L9
(pic 30-6-09 / to WWN)

 

.

.

CONSTRUCTING

The building's two main ingredients (apart from the myriad joining items - mainly bolts and screws) are used scaffold-planks and plastic sheeting (with its plastic tensioning straps).

When these pics were taken the construction was in its primary wood-structures stage. Sawing and bolting together planks to make 3 and 2 layered posts; screwing them together or onto sawn-wood frames to make 'fascia-items': surfaces, built-in seats and/or shelves. Batch-producing ingeniously structurally-economical tables, chairs, high bar-stools and low-stools.

FRANK'S CAFE: CONSTRUCTION SITE - BUILDING AND SCULPTURE PARTS (BOBBY DOWLER)
(paste-up 2-pics 17-6-09 / to W)

FRANK'S CAFE: CONSTRUCTION SITE - THE BUILDING'S SOUTH-SIDE AND WEST-END.
(pic 17-6-09 / to SE)

FRANK'S CAFE: CONSTRUCTION SITE - FURNITURE
(pic 17-6-09 / to SE)

 

.

.

REMOVING & STORING

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTION SITE L10 
(paste-up 2-pics 6-10-09 / to WWS)

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTION SITE L10  - CANOPY ROLL WITH 1 RATCHET STRAP
(pic 6-10-09 / to NNE)

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTION SITE L10  - NORTH POSTS
(pic 6-10-09 / to WWS)

x

FRANK'S CAFE: TERRACE - SUPPORT-POST ANGLED BASE-PLATE (N-SIDE)
(pic 6-10-09 / to SSW)

x

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTION SITE L10  - TOILET BLOCK TRANSVERSE WALLS
(pic 6-10-09 / to SE)

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTION SITE L10 CENTRE AREA- TEMP-STORE & WORK/REST TABLES-PLACE
(pic-crop 6-10-09 / to NW)

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTION SITE L10 CENTRE AREA - WORK/REST TABLES-PLACE
(pic 6-10-09 / to NW)

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTED L10 CENTRE AREA - 'SNUG' STRUCTURE-FRAMES
(pic 6-10-09 / to SE)

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTED L10 CENTRE AREA - CAFE-BOUNDARY-NOTICE / BOBBY SCULPTURE-PART / STOVE-CHIMNEY
(pic 6-10-09 / to SSE)

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTED SITE L10 - SCREW-POT
(pic 6-10-09 / to S)

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTED SITE L10 - STOVE & ELEC-SUPPLY
(pic 6-10-09 / to EES)

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTED SITE L10 - STOVE
(pic 6-10-09 / to N)

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTED L8 - WOOD STRUCTURE-PARTS STORE
(pic 6-10-09 / to SW)

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTED L8 - SMALL-ITEMS STORE
(pic 6-10-09 / to SW)

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTED L8 - SMALL-ITEMS STORE : BAR-LAMPS
(pic 6-10-09 / to SE)

Bar-lamps (kitsch items bought from a "£1 SHOP").

FRANK'S CAFE: DE-CONSTRUCTED L8 - SMALL-ITEMS STORE 
(pic 6-10-09 / to #)

 

.

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> p2 - FRANKS CAFE - DESIGN DRAWINGS > 

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INDEX

AN ARTIST'S PUBLIC-SITE INSTALLATION WORKS

IMPROVISED ARCHITECTURE IN AMSTERDAM INDUSTRIAL SQUATS & COLLECTIVES

IMPROVISED OPEN-SITE: ("THE NOMADIC COMMUNITY GARDEN")

IMPROVISED VILLAGES: (WANDSWORTH & KEW BRIDGE 'ECO VILLAGES')

ALLOTMENT IMPROVISATIONS - PUBLIC, LEGAL, SOCIALLY INDORSED

TEMPORARY-ARCHITECTURE: ("FRANK'S CAFE" & "SOUTHWARK LIDO")

VERNACULAR - PRAGMATISM & STYLE: (BERDUN VILLAGE BARNS & HOUSES)

"HOME" - MY LOCATION VIA MASS-PRODUCTS & TASTE - LIV-RM
"HOME" - MY LOCATION VIA MASS-PRODUCTS & TASTE - HOUSE

"HOME" - MY LOCATION VIA PERSONAL CHOICES   

ART - GOTHIC INTO RENAISSANCE INTO EARLY 20thC

ART - 20thC COLLAGE INTO MASS-MEDIA

GRAFFITI INTO STREET-ART

KITSCH

CHANCE & DESIGN